Roper vs. Simmons Free Essays

Roper versus Simmons was one of only a handful barely any cases in just about two decades to address whether it’s protected under the eighth and fourteenth changes to execute an adolescent guilty party who was beyond fifteen eighteen years old younger than eighteen when he/she carried out a capital wrongdoing. In 1988, Thompson versus We will compose a custom article test on Roper versus Simmons or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Oklahoma prohibited the execution of minors who were sixteen years old when they carried out a capital wrongdoing. Another case, Stanford versus Kentucky (1989), isolated the court which in the long run dismissed that the Constitution avoids the death penalty for minors of this age gathering. Roper versus Simmons upset the choice in Stanford versus Kentucky. Just seven nations in the previous century have supported execution of minors sentenced for capital violations: Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, China, and Congo. Before the case numerous Americans didn't imagine that the execution of minors was viewed as savage and unordinary discipline if a capital wrongdoing was carried out, however after the wrongdoing numerous Americans started to contradict it. Those seven nations have additionally, from that point forward, precluded these executions. Christopher Simmons was a lesser in secondary school at seventeen years old when he submitted a pre-pondered murder. Around nine months after the wrongdoing was submitted when he was eighteen years old, he was attempted in court and condemned to death. Simmons talked about his arrangement to kill Shirley Crook with his two companions Charles Benjamin and John Tessemer (ages fifteen and sixteen at that point), coming about because of an auto crash including Benjamin and Simmons. Simmons’ thought was to break in to Mrs. Crook’s home, tie her up, and drive her to a scaffold where he would hurl her from to her demise. Simmons was under the feeling that he and his companions could pull off the wrongdoing since they were minors. The three young men met around 2:00 A. M. on the night the homicide was submitted (September ninth, 1993). Tessemer pulled out before the other two young men went on their way (he was accused of intrigue from the outset, yet the charges were dropped when he affirmed against Simmons). The two young men continued to enter the Crook home by coming to through an open window and opening their secondary passage. Simmons turned on a lobby light, alarming Mrs. Evildoer as she asked who was there. Simmons then entered her room, perceiving her which he later said was his determination to kill her. The two young men cooperated and utilized conduit tape to cover her eyes and mouth and bound her hands. They took her minivan to a state park, fortified her ties, and secured her head with a towel. They at that point strolled to a railroad trestle over the Meramec River, limited her options and feet along with electrical wire, and wraped her whole face with pipe tape before they tossed her into the waters underneath for her to suffocate. The evening of September ninth, 1993, Shirley’s spouse, Steven Crook, came back from a short-term trip and was frightened by the muddled house he got back home to without his better half there to invite him. After he announced his significant other missing, a similar evening angler recuperated the victim’s body structure the Meramec River. Simmons obviously had been boasting to his companions about killing Shirley saying he slaughtered her â€Å"because the bitch seen my face†. The following day, police got data about Simmons’ association the wrongdoing and he was captured at his secondary school in Fenton, Missouri. Simmons postponed his entitlement to a lawyer and quickly consented to respond to questions. Before the second hour of addressing was finished, Simmons had just admitted to killing Shirley Crook and consented to play out a video reenactment of the wrongdoing. Simmons’ pardon for the wrongdoing he asserted was to maintain a strategic distance from his capture for the ongoing fender bender the two of them had been engaged with. The State of Missouri accused Simmons of thievery, hijacking, taking, and murder in the principal degree. Simmons was seventeen years old at that point, yet was attempted as a grown-up. The State quickly looked for capital punishment, after Shirley Crook’s spouse, little girl and two sisters introduced alarming proof on how much effect her demise had just brought to their lives. Simmons’ mother, father, two relatives, neighbor, and companion all argued in the interest of his leniency to the court. Simmons’ attorney contended that his age ought to be viewed as a moderating element, yet the jury despite everything suggested capital punishment, and the preliminary appointed authority chose to force it. Around 9 years after the Simmons’ case had totally run its course, in 2002 Atkins versus Virginia disallowed the execution of an intellectually hindered individual, and Simmons’ attempted to record another request for state postconviction help, saying this caused the Constitution to restrict the execution of somebody if the wrongdoing was submitted when they were under 18. This was the second time Simmons had offered; the first being the point at which he asserted he had not gotten sufficient help during the preliminary in light of the fact that extra data with respect to his troublesome home foundation, impulsivity, and being effectively affected by others was not introduced to the appointed authority (this intrigue was dismissed). They checked on the Stanford versus Kentucky case and concurred that it was not, at this point legitimate with impact of global assessment of execution of minors who had carried out capital violations. Equity Anthony Kennedy represented the State in March 2005 expressing that execution of adolescents who carried out violations before they turned 18 was viewed as savage and uncommon discipline. Simmons’ capital punishment was then saved and they resentenced him to life in jail with no possibility of parole, probation, or discharge without the Governor’s doing so by and by. This case demonstrated very well that the United States is reasonable for their blamed lawbreakers. The court indicated this emphatically when they completely considered and thoroughly considered each intrigue that Christopher made to them, and they altogether checked on the entirety of his privileges too. Some other grown-up would have gotten capital punishment without addressing, however Simmons got numerous open doors that individuals more than eighteen would not have gotten. It was astounding that Simmons won the intrigue after the Atkins versus Virginia case since he was not intellectually impeded and couldn’t precisely identify with the case himself. Murder will be murder, and Christopher ought not have had as much relief since his wrongdoing was totally pre-ruminated. The most effective method to refer to Roper versus Simmons, Essay models

Welfare Programs Essays - Federal Assistance In The United States

Government assistance Programs Government assistance is an administration program that gives cash, clinical consideration, food, lodging, and different things that individuals need so as to endure. Individuals who can get help from these government assistance programs are youngsters, seniors, incapacitated, and other people who can't bolster their families on their present pay. Another name for government assistance is open help. There are numerous associations that gracefully this open help. For example, Salvation Army and different gatherings. Open help benefits help numerous individuals who live underneath the neediness line, a pay level is set up for families. In the event that your salary is underneath this you would be qualified to get this assistance. Government assistance in the United States Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the needy individuals through around 60 open help programs. A great many people get help through one of the four significant projects. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or on the other hand Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will examine the four programs separately. Medicaid gives free clinical consideration to the needy individuals. Assets differ from state to state. In certain circumstances, individuals who might have the option to pay every day needs, however can't manage the cost of enormous doctor's visit expenses may likewise have the option to get Medicaid. A few administrations took care of for are tabs, for example, specialist's visits and nursing home consideration. Most Medicaid subsidizing originates from the government. The rest is provided by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid program. A.F.D.C. gives money advantages to subordinate kids and the guardians or the gatekeepers dealing with them. Most families that meet all requirements for A.F.D.C. have simply one parent in the home. Around 80 percent of these families are going by a lady. A.F.D.C. additionally pays advantages to two-parent families if the two guardians are jobless. Most A.F.D.C. subsidizing originates from the central government. The states give the remainder of the cash and control the program. The spans of families' installment differ from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This gives monetary Aid to individuals in need who are at any rate 65 years of age, daze, or handicapped. The central government funds and directs standardized savings pay programs in many states, however a few states flexibly the government installment and are ready to run their own projects. At long last, the Food Stamp Program helps low-salary family units purchase more and preferred food over they could somehow or another bear. Each taking an interest family gets a specific number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are given by the national government. The quantity of stamps a family unit gets fluctuates with the family's size, salary, and costs. Coordinating supermarkets acknowledge the stamps like cash for food buys as it were. There are different projects, for example, vitality help and open lodging. Vitality help, which is governmentally financed yet controlled by the states, makes a difference individuals take care of fuel tabs. Open lodging gives minimal effort rental lofts in government possessed structures. State and nearby governments subsidize and oversee their own general help programs. These projects give budgetary guide to penniless individuals who don't meet all requirements for different kinds of government assistance. Individuals holding up to get help from different projects additionally may get transitory crisis help from general help. Back in the good 'ol days, government assistance took after the English framework. Social governments were answerable for helping poor people. In any case, the provinces and later the states, some of the time helped the neighborhood government give help. The principal government assistance program, started after the Revolutionary War, they given annuities to war veterans. During the Civil War these annuities were extended to cover fighters' widows and vagrants. In the mid 1900's, essential obligation regarding giving government assistance benefits moved from nearby to state governments. During these years, states sanctioned projects to help subordinate youngsters and the older. The reactions of government assistance goes over various social and monetary issues. A few people scrutinize government assistance programs for not giving sufficiently high advantages to dispose of destitution. Spending on government assistance would need to build extraordinarily to wipe out neediness, and numerous individuals accept the expense is now excessively high. Numerous pundits of the government assistance framework charge that giving a consistent pay to poor individuals energizes inertness. All things considered, most government assistance benefits go to old, visually impaired, and handicapped individuals and moms with youthful kids. However, government assistance discourages a few beneficiaries from working harder by decreasing advantages if their salary increments. Numerous individuals likewise condemn the government assistance framework for being excessively intricate and expensive to oversee. Each program has its own qualification prerequisites and methods of computing benefits, and these rules change from state to state. Open authorities gather point by point data about candidates to decide their qualification for benefits. This procedure is tedious and

Best Free Website Hosting Sites 10 Top Web Hosts Reviewed

Best Free Website Hosting Sites 10 Top Web Hosts Reviewed .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on March 7, 2020Just do a Google search. You can find article after article explaining the dangers of free hosting Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert By-and-large, Im in agreement. If youre launching an online business, this certainly rings true. For other online endeavors, though, the best free website hosts might have just what you need. Continue Reading to find out about the best free hosting providers that might be right for youYou might also like: Best hosting services Consider a few possible scenarios:Youre starting a small blog, and you want to get some content up as quick as possible as a placeholder.You dont have a domain yet, but you want to display some content that you already have.Youre strapped for funds and need a temporary soluti on until your situation improves.In those cases, and perhaps a few more, free hosting could hold the solution to your problems. Now you just need to identify the best free web hosting sites. Thats where I come in. Take a look at these free website hosting reviews and lets see which would work best for you.NOTE: If you are looking to host a more robust website for business, or to make money then you will want to opt for a solid paid service instead of a free one. Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches You can get started with a real site for only $2.64/month with HostGator using our exclusive link on the button below. Click here to get hosting for $2.64/month Table of Contents Free website hosting com parison chartHere are the 10 best free website hosting companies1. Weebly2. Wix3. x10Hosting.com4. 000WebHost.com5. Bravenet6. FreeHosting.com7. Free Hosting No Ads8. WebFreeHosting.com9. Freehostia10. 5GBFree.comFree website hosting: our conclusionFree website hosting comparison chart Company Ads? Bandwidth File transfer Domain registration WeeblyNoUnlimitedYesYes WixNo500 MBYesYes x10HostingNoUnlimitedYesYes 000WebHostNoUnlimitedYesYesBravenetNoUnlimitedYesNoFreeHosting.comNo250 GBYesYesFree Web Hosting No AdsNo200 GBYesYesWebFreeHostingNo5 GBYesYesFreehostiaNo6 GBYesYes5GBFree.comNo20 GBYesYesWhen youre looking at free hosts, the cost wont be the determining factor, obviously. Youre going to want to check how reliable a host is.Youll also want to take into account how well each host mitigates the downsides associated with free hosting. Do they have ads? How much bandwidth do you get? Do they have customer support? How long have they been around?Got it? Good, lets continue.Here ar e the 10 best free website hosting companies1. WeeblyYou also gain access to Weeblys drag-and-drop website builder. Creating a site is as easy as operating a word processor, complete with free templates. No e-commerce or email integration, though. This bumps them down a bit and prevents them from being the top free web hosting option available. Check out Weebly now! 2. Wix Thats about where the good ends, though, as there are plenty of limitations that come along with their service.Youre restricted to one of Wixs subdomains. Theyll display ads and branding your site. Theyve severely limited storage space and bandwidth. Their customer support isnt what youd call the greatest. They also short you on e-commerce solutions and e-mail.Still, if youre just looking for something quick and easy, Wixs platform may have what you need. Their website creator is truly one of the most robust on the market. Check out the video below for a brief overview of what they can do: Check out Wix no w! 3. x10Hosting.comThese guys offer the complete hosting package right there with the free service. No ads, and plentiful domains. You get two of your own, two sub-domains, and the option to park one additional domain.x10Hosting.com also offers unlimited bandwidth/disk space, free email accounts, e-commerce, and 1-click installation for your favorite web software. This is on top of the simple-to-use website builder. A complete hosting package indeed.4. 000WebHost.comThese guys have been around since 2007. Theyre currently hosting close to 14 million worldwide users. Are they worth it? They have plenty of the right offerings with their service. No ads, a free website builder, and 1-click installation.They offer good benefits like a bold uptime guaranteeâ€"99.9%â€"something that rivals most paid services. Perhaps the most attractive feature they tout is their limitless bandwidth and disk space.This means you can store and support as much traffic as you need as your site grows.000web host.com also supports PHP, MySQL, and other advanced features you wouldnt normally associate with a free service. Theyre in the running for top free web hosting, bar none.5. BravenetNow with over 15 million members! Thats an impressive tagline, and theyve got an impressive free service backing it up.A drag-and-drop builder, e-commerce options, and unlimited storage/bandwidth. The drawbacks are having to use a Bravenet sub-domain and no email with the free service.6. FreeHosting.comRight off the bat, FreeHosting.com scores points for offering an ad-free service. This means that whatever site you host with them is going to look more professional than it might with lesser options.They have website creation tools and templates so you can build a site quickly.They have 1-click installation for CMS and other third-party apps. They allow fast uploads for photos and other media. They allow for site backups.They have built-in e-commerce solutions for selling products. They also include soci al media integration so that you can promote yourself across the web.7. Free Hosting No AdsIts right there in the title. Free Web Hosting No Ads provides exactly that. They make setup easy with their drag-and-drop editor. They also provide hundreds of HTML and Flash templates, maximizing your choices.Bandwidth and disk space arent the greatest. Thats in comparison to a bonafide paid host, however. They provide more than enough for a fledgling website. You should be able to get your idea off the ground with no problems using their service.8. WebFreeHosting.comWebFreeHosting.com has a no-nonsense pitch: absolutely free web hosting with no hidden fees. With that, you gain access to PHP, Perl, CGI-BIN, MySql, POP3 email, FTP, a File Manager, and a Script Installer.There are no ads. They offer free customer support. They also have a 99.9% uptime guarantee. Youll get one domain of your own, and you can add up to three sub-domains.They also have a free website builder. If you dont have exp erience crafting web pages, this is a definite boon as it makes the design process that much easier.9. FreehostiaFreehostias free hosting service presents itself as a faster option. They claim to be up to 15 times faster than the widespread one-server hosting platform solution. They also include 1-click installation for most CMS and free scripts.They are an ad-free service, allow five free domains and three email accounts. The 99.9% uptime guarantee is a definite plus. They also offer 24/7 customer support. This is something of a rarity among free services, and their response time is actually quite good, all things considered.Their limited bandwidth and disk space, though, cripple their overall ranking.10. 5GBFree.comA newer free web host with some solid features. 5GBFree.com offers an ad-free service with domain hosting and 1-click install for CMS. They offer security, customer support, and support for PHP, MySQL, and CURL.Their resource offerings are somewhat scant in comparison t o other services. They provide 20GB bandwidth and 5GB worth of disk space. You wont get any email accounts with 5GBFree.com, but you will get your own domain.Its a good option for a small blog or website just trying to get their footing. For anything else, though, you might find the restrictions too limiting.Free website hosting: our conclusionFree web hosting might not always offer everything that a paid host will give you. There are, however, plenty of reasons youd use a free host, and no reason not to get the best free hosting around.Hopefully, our free website hosting reviews clued you in on what to look for in your search. You might even want to try one of our recommendations and see if theyre the right free host for you.If you are looking to kick it up a notch with an economical paid hosting platform, HostGator tops the list. 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Lord Of The Flies By William Golding - 1946 Words

Lord of the Flies, William Golding’s famous novel, reveals the influence that personal advantage can convey in human decisions. The novel describes the diversity in the fundamentals and corruption of power, exemplifying the lure of personal advantage in contrast to a moral sense. When first on the island, the boys held a common view of order and leadership, in which they gravitated to the evidence of classical social order they found in Ralph. As time progressed the group of boys stranded on the island experienced a change in mindset and they rebelled against the classic expectations of society, as the lack of adults on the island led the boys to decide what actions needed to be taken. Jack corrupted Ralph’s authority using the lure of personal advantage and reciprocity, and the conflict between Jack’s goals, driven by personal gain, and Ralph s goals, driven by a moral sense, caused the boys to act against their morals and thrust Jack into power. In the beginning stages of electing a chief on the island, the boys focused on the first signs of a classical order that they witness in those around them. On first thought, in the opinion of the boys: â€Å"what intelligence had been shown (by Ralph) was traceable to Piggy, and the most obvious leader was Jack.† (Golding 22) When the ‘boys’ had deduced this, Golding described Jack as exuding confidence, Piggy as intelligent but shy, and Ralph as generally kind, but to a certain extent oblivious as he heavily relies on the guidance ofShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Psychology Sometimes people wear fake personas like a cloak over their shoulders, used to hide what is really underneath. This harsh reality is witnessed in William Golding’s classic Lord of the Flies, a novel that is famous for not only its sickening plot, but also for the emotional breakdowns all of its characters experience. These issues are akin to those shown in certain real-world psychological experiments. A summary of Golding’s Lord of the Flies, combined with the evidenceRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1347 Words   |  6 Pages The theme of The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is the reason society is flawed is because people are flawed. Although Piggy is knowledgeable, he has many flaws including his laziness and physical inabilities. Ralph is an authority seeker. He sets rules and laws, yet does little to enforce them. Ralph wants to be the ruler, without doing the work to enforce his laws. Jack is persistent. He is rude, harsh and violent in or der to get what he wants. He wants to be supreme. Piggy’s flaws areRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1123 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Lord of The Flies by William Golding, the characters Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent important World War II leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Winston Churchill. Golding, who had served in World War II, was well aware of the savagery created, and used it to base his book on. Ralph represents Franklin Roosevelt , Jack represents Adolf Hitler, and Piggy represents Winston Churchill. Ralph being of the novel’s main protagonist is important in the outcome of the story becauseRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Lord of the Flies Essay The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding and published on September 17, 1954 is a story told about a group of stranded boys and their fight for survival against the wilderness and themselves. In this story many signs of symbolism are used by Golding to point out certain aspects of society that Golding thought strongly of. This story on first read may just seem to be a survival- esque piece of literature but, on a deeper look one can find Golding’s true motiveRead MoreLord of The Flies by William Golding619 Words   |  2 PagesGovernments are no different; they fight for power just like the rest of us do. They just do it on a much bigger scale. Qualities from Oligarchy, Totalitarianism, Democracy, Dictatorship, and Anarchy governments are used in several parts of Lord of The Flies that represent different characters and different situations. An Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization. A Totalitarianism government is a form of government that permits no individual freedom and thatRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as the y have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreLord of the Flies, by William Golding1055 Words   |  5 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain peace and balance for a period of time. He is charismaticRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link together

Presentation Sample on Cognitive Science

Presentation Sample on Cognitive Science Cognitive Science Overview of the David Rosenthal’s Higher-Order-Theory (HOT Theory) When the word HOT theory or Higher-Order-Theory is mentioned, the question that comes to the mind of a learner is: What could be the meaning of HOT theory or what does higher-order-theory means in actual sense? For the sake of those who might not have come across this theory, HOT theory or what is also known as Higher-Order-Theory in the perspective of David Rosenthal, is described in various ways as indicated herein: There is no mental condition that is conscious if one is not aware of that condition. Thus, a mental condition or state is considered conscious only if one is aware of the himself/herself as being in that condition. David also adds that human beings are aware of mental conditions that are conscious just by having ideas that one is in that condition. In the perspective of David, the higher order-thoughts are rare of conscious thoughts; they are different from states they are about. The standard procedure applied to differentiate mental consciousness in daily psychologies involves a differentiation made in the context that an individual is in a position to report his/her mental condition. However, David adds that humans cannot report mental conditions that are not conscious in nature. Another important issue that should be noted in the higher-order-thought is that higher-order-thoughts accompany mental conditions, hence enabling one to make mental condition reports. Humans do not have higher-order knowledge of mental conditions and thus are not conscious, hence cannot r eport their mental states. What are the Basic Tenets of David Rosenthal’s Theory? So what exactly are the tenets or the basic components of David Rosenthal’s Higher-Order-Theory? I am confident that many people, interested in learning various aspects of this theory may want to determine what exactly makes this theory. That is, what are the basic tenets of this theory? To begin with, Rosenthal’s theory is based in three major tenets. These tenets are the first order experience, second/higher-order-thought and the third order-thought. Rosenthal believes that these three tenets are what enable an individual to express his mental conditions or mental state, without necessarily having to report them. These tenets make the Higher-Order-theory a unique aspect of theory owing to the fact that: The conscious mental condition of a person entails that the person has thoughts or sensation about his mental state. In this regard, the conscious state is usually accompanied by series of rough simultaneous higher-order-thoughts concerning a specific mental condition. That is, the consciousness mental condition of a person is introspectively complemented by a second level higher-order-thought. That is, the unconscious state of the mind is complemented by the conscious mental state, which is also complemented by the introspective conscious condition. An example of the unconscious state occurs when is not aware of his state of mind, hence cannot make sense of any information. In relation to the conscious state, or what David refers to second level higher-order-thought, one is a position to determine his state of mind, but cannot make report of this state. The second level higher-order-thought is usually complemented by the introspective state where one is able to analyze and examine data, hence provide a report about it. Positive Criticism of David’s Higher-Order-Theory Many philosophers and scholars who support David’s higher-order-theory hold the view that consciousness can be explained by the relationship between two main levels of mental conditions, whereby the higher-order mental condition assumes another mental condition. This aspect may occur through sensation or thought. This may occur in situations such as; a person using a computer acquires the sensation of the black and white color of his/her computer. Such aspects of sensations are usually considered conscious by virtue of higher-order-theories, basically because an individual has a higher order state concerning such sensations. Supporters of David’s higher-order-theory have also applied the concept of two distinctions that are important in the differentiation of consciousness among creatures. The first distinction may be made among creatures using conditional consciousness as well as introspective consciousness. The second distinction is usually referred as transitive as it entails a consideration of an object; that is distinction made on the basis of binary relationship between elements for instance such that if a situation applies is i.e. A where A is considered wider than B and B is wider than C, the A is automatically wider than C. Negative Critics/ Criticism As learners, it is important that we explore various arguments concerning theories that have been proposed by many researchers. That is, a consideration of both the positive perspectives as well as opposing perspectives. This is a crucial part of learning; it increases our knowledge, by enhancing our understanding of the reasons why people have different perspectives and their impacts on issues. Considering the case of David’s Higher-Order-Theory, there are two main critics that are known by their eloquence and fierceness in relation to expressing their critical views, coupled by application of evidence. The main two critics of this theory are: Kati Balog: He is known for his fierce expression of ideas, and critical analysis on different issues. Apparently, Kati Balog has also made significant contributions in regard to enhancing the understanding of David Rosenthal’s theory and other crucial issues associated with it. In his view, David-s Higher-Order-Theory was presented in a wrong manner. He emphasizes that David was wrong to claim that his theory is self-evident by linking awareness of the state and consciousness. He also believes that David did not account for how individuals can access certain aspects of mental conditions and report through verbal channels. As such, this theory was characterized by limited explanation, that is, through the failure to define the phenomenal properties being indicated in the statements. In this aspect, Kati Balog believes that David Rosenthal was wrong by terming or calling this theory a theory of access consciousness, as he should have named it phenomenal consciousness theory. An other major weakness exhibited in this theory according to Kati Balog is that it appears to have shown that there is a likelihood of inaccessible mental conditions, despite the fact that there is simultaneous occurrence of awareness and consciousness. On this account, Kati Balog believes that the Higher-Order-Theory does not appear to highlight how the access to consciousness is achieved. Lastly, he believes that the explanation provided by Rosenthal is not satisfactory in nature in a field that is characterized by persuading theorists and metaphysical aspects of argument. Papineau: He has also provided his views on David’s Higher-Order Theory. He asserts that this theory has propagated a false dilemma among learners, due to the manner through, which it is over-simplified. Papineau also argues that David presented his theory in an ambiguous manner. The false dilemma created by this theory according to Papineau is based on the fact that the status of experience relies on judgments made later or the later higher-level order memory. That is, one mental state depends on the next level mental state to make judgments. Papineau also argues that David’s higher-order-theory is a type of theory that causes a threat to backwards causation of consciousness; that is a consciousness that relies on a later judgment from higher-order-thoughts. He explains that this backwards causation occurs as a result of the denial of phenomenally experienced states/conditions. What are the Insights/Lessons that we can learn from this theory? I hope all of us are aware of the fact that theories are meant to improve our insights and widen our scope of reasoning. From David’s theory, there are various lessons that we can learn. To begin with, this theory, through the three main tenets of consciousness, enables us to understand that reasoning process occurs through states. The first state is characterized by unconscious nature of the mind that is usually complemented by a higher-order thought, the conscious state of the mind, which is also ultimately complemented by the introspective state of the mind. The other lesson that we can learn from this theory is that the nature of state of consciousness between animas and human beings are different. Animals or what David refers as creatures make judgment through conditional consciousness, while reasoning and reporting among humans is made through what is referred as transitive consciousness as it is usually based in an object. In summary, there are various issues that emerge from an analysis of David’s theory on a similar basis like any other theory. The first issue is that this theory is made of three main tenets, the introspective, higher-order thought and the unconscious state. This theory has also been a subject to both positive and negative aspects of criticism, although there are no discussions from David indicating his counter-arguments in relation to negative critics. The theory is also an indication of how scholars have an understanding of various issues ascribed to psychological facets. We can also learn that some critics have provided proof that there is neural evidence that has led to the realization of higher-order-theory enabling individuals to be aware of their mental conditions. This awareness is deemed necessary for making mental conditions report, however, there are alternatives that provide suggestions which dispute the necessity of metal awareness. These critics have emphasized that there is a significant difference between other theories of the brain and Rosenthal’s theory. This is mainly due to the fact that Rosenthal method does not indicate empirical commitment to the philosophical approaches consciousness theory for instance: It cannot provide explanations how an individual can have dreams and fails to explain the dream a few hours later.

Utilitarianism in Government - 1653 Words

In its political philosophy utilitarianism provides an alternative to theories of natural law and the social contract by basing the authority of government and the sanctity of individual rights upon their utility, or measure of happiness gained. As an egalitarian doctrine, where everyone’s happiness counts equally, the rational, relatively straightforward nature of utilitarianism offers an attractive model for democratic government. It offers practical methods for deciding the morally right course of action - â€Å"...an action is right as it tends to promote happiness, wrong as it tends to diminish it, for the party whose interests are in question† (Bentham, 1780). To discover what we should do in a given situation, we identify the various†¦show more content†¦One major point of contention, however, is that it is often difficult, if not impossible, to measure and compare the values of certain benefits and costs. How does one assign value to human life, or time , or artistic pleasures such as literature and music? Mills response was to introduce variables to pleasure. While Bentham concentrated on quantity (the pleasures duration, intensity, etc), Mill stressed quality. Adding the feature of quality to pleasure differentiates â€Å" higher†, intellectual pleasures from common, physical ones. He argues in his famous quote â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is only because they only know their own side of the question†. This reasoning is not very satisfactory if we consider how subjective (and elitist) it can be. Who is to determine which activities are more high-brow or low-brow, and what makes a competent judge? Mill states it should be person who has experience of the activities in question, but a key aspect of utilitarianism it the requirement of making these judgemen ts impartially and impersonally. With the diversity of this world it is highly unlikely that the tastes and preferences will all align in accord. Even if we attempt to make our decisions based on how others would be affected, it is impossible for us to know or measure theShow MoreRelatedJeremy Bentham And Utilitarianism1461 Words   |  6 PagesJeremy Bentham was an English philosophy (1748-1632) who challenged the idea of the Social Contract theory, which states that the people create a social contract to agree to form of government. Bentham opposed the idea of natural rights and followed the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the idea that political and moral decision should not be based on natural rights, but based on which choice produces the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest number†. For an example, this principle explains whetherRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Jefferson Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesaffect others (Costly 2016). Locke highlighted the government should exist exclusively for the protection of natural rights and enforcing its principles. It is assumed if these rights are protected, the people will trust the government and obey the law. Rebellion is justified by Locke if the government becomes corrupted and violates the rights of citizens. Locke accentuates the people have the rights to abolish and recommence their government if, it does not serve its purpose of protecting theirRead MoreCorporate Welfare And Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics914 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Welfare and Utilitarianism Case one proclaims that the American economy is failing millions of Americans. In today’s day in age, having a full time job does not guarantee an income above the poverty line. 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These are two philosophies that elaborates how the citizen pleases to live by. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism may have similar things in common but at the same time they are very distinguishable. The Utilitarianism theory tries to maximize the happiness of the community and minimize the pain over allRead MoreUtilitarianism : Theory And Contemporary Issues1 350 Words   |  6 Pagesof utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as an absolute rule. 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These of these theories would be used to justify the actions in various ways from the categorical imperative of Kantism, to the balancing of benefits and harms with Act Utilitarianism. Immanuel Kant’s theory, Kantism, states that an action is good if it can pass the categorical imperative, that is to say that

Culture Through Generations Essay Example For Students

Culture Through Generations Essay Culture Through GenerationsThis essay will explain how I learned culture through generations of my family. The first thing I noticed when analyzing my chart is that there has been considerable migration through generations of my family. My family came from Europe to Central America , because they had made investments there which was their initial reason for leaving Spain. My parents generation left Central America for political reasons which lead them to financial disaster. Opportunity, can be said is the reason why generations of my families have lived in the Americas. Cultural values in my family are still rooted to those which exist in Spain. When they first came to the Americas , they moved to a very close nit European community. This is what set a precedent for cultural values and family through the passing down of European traditions from generation to generation. In the neighborhoods where my parents grew up it made a difference what your name was, so it was important to inter -marry between people of the same class and on the same cultural level. This also meant that your surnames created support networks which created a financial backbone for the family. This in turn is lead to not what Id call a pre- arranged marriage but a suggestive marriage. That means your parents would suggest to you that a certain person from a certain family would be a suitable mate because of their family and background. This was common practice in my parents community. These kinds of marriages were accepted by previous generations because of a respect of your parents opinions, and because of the tight nit family structure. These traditions have been passed down form generation to generation, with exception to the Caso, Federico Student # 570-91-4862 pg.2American generation of my family. This also meant my family had expectations of each succeeding generation. Every generation was insisted upon having a college degree, it was completely unacceptable to not have a college education in my family. This particular culture and society was lived by two generations of my family. When communism came to power my parents needed to leave the country because all of their possessions were seized by the poor rebellious communists. Communism was also not parents political affiliation so they chose to come to America for opportunity and freedom. My parents like my grandparents had to be acculturated in the American way when they came to this country. They also had to create new support networks and had to start all over again. The close nit family structure revived the support network because eventually the rest of my family came to the states. Even though my family came to a new country: the same social and cultural expectations were implemented in my contemporary generation. My generation and the previous generations have had the same root values, but t hey all very slightly from generation to generation. Having reflected upon this kinship assignment I have learned culture, values , and a central family have been passed down generation to generation to make the family succeed and be prosperous through a close nit support group. Anthropology

Media in the 1960s free essay sample

As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda is often biased, with facts selectively presented (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political, or other type of agenda. Propaganda can be used as a form of political warfare. ’ Propaganda was used widely during the 1960’s, as the United States and the Soviet Union both used propaganda extensively during the Cold War. When describing life in capitalist countries, in the U. S. in particular, propaganda focused on social issues such as poverty and anti-union action by the government. Workers in capitalist countries were portrayed as ideologically close. Propaganda claimed rich people from the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Media in the 1960s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. erived their income from weapons manufacturing, and claimed that there was substantial racism or neo-fascism in the U. S. When describing life in Communist countries, western propaganda sought to depict an image of a citizenry held captive by governments that brainwash them. The West also created a fear of the East, by depicting an aggressive Soviet Union. In the Americas, Cuba served as a major source and a target of propaganda from both black and white stations operated by the CIA and Cuban exile groups. Psychological warfare became, in essence, a synonym for Cold War. It reflected the belief of many politicians and foreign policy analysts that the Cold War was an ideological, psychological, and cultural contest for hearts and minds that would be won or lost on the plain of public opinion rather than by blood shed on the battlefield. The Cold War lasted from the end of World War II right up to the early 1990s, although the Soviet Union and the USA never actually engaged in direct battle. Instead, the Cold War was expressed through weapons development (the nuclear arms race), technological development (the space race), espionage and propaganda. Western democratic states churned out huge amounts of propaganda material throughout the First and Second World Wars, but practically decommissioned their propaganda machines post 1945. This is why most of the posters that we explore below have emerged from the Soviet Union or independent political activist groups, and not the West. The posters in this article have not only been selected on the basis of their highly creative and original content, each one also conceals a message. In some cases the message is blindingly obvious. In others, the message can only be deciphered once the poster has been placed in its historical context. psychological warfare n. The use of various techniques, such as propaganda and terror, to lower an enemys morale. es ·pi ·o ·nage   (spnazh, -nj)n. The act or practice of spying or of using spies to obtain secret information, as about another government or a business competitor. prop ·a ·gan ·da? ?[prop-uh-gan-duh] noun 1. information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Reír

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Reà ­r The written accent on its final syllable makes reà ­r (to laugh) an unusual verb. But it is  still regularly conjugated in terms of pronunciation (although not spelling) in most forms. Sonreà ­r (to smile) is conjugated in the same  way as reà ­r. So is freà ­r (to fry) with one exception - freà ­r has two past participles, freà ­do and frito. The latter is far more common. Two of the forms below, rio and riais, used to be spelled with an accent: rià ³ and riis, respectively. But the Royal Spanish Academy eliminated the accents marks, which do not affect pronunciation, during a spelling overhaul in 2010. You may still see the accented forms in use. Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Translations are given as a guide and in real life may vary with context. Infinitive of Rer reà ­r (to laugh) Gerund of Rer riendo (laughing) Participle of Rer reà ­do (laughed) Present Indicative of Rer yo rà ­o, tà º rà ­es, usted/à ©l/ella rà ­e, nosotros/as reà ­mos, vosotros/as reà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas rà ­en (I laugh, you laugh, he laughs, etc.) Preterite of Rer yo reà ­, tà º reà ­ste, usted/à ©l/ella rio, nosotros/as reà ­mos, vosotros/as reà ­steis, ustedes/ellos/ellas rieron (I laughed, you laughed, she laughs, etc.) Imperfect Indicative of Rer yo reà ­a, tà º reà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella reà ­a, nosotros/as reà ­amos, vosotros/as reà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas reà ­an (I used to laugh, you used to laugh, he used to laugh, etc.) Future Indicative of Rer yo reirà ©, tà º reirs, usted/à ©l/ella reir, nosotros/as reiremos, vosotros/as reirà ©is, ustedes/ellos/ellas reirn (I will laugh, you will laugh, he will laugh, etc.) Conditional of Rer yo reirà ­a, tà º reirà ­as, usted/à ©l/ella reirà ­a, nosotros/as reirà ­amos, vosotros/as reirà ­ais, ustedes/ellos/ellas reirà ­an (I would laugh, you would laugh, she would laugh, etc.) Present Subjunctive of Rer que yo rà ­a, que tà º rà ­as, que usted/à ©l/ella rà ­a, que nosotros/as riamos, que vosotros/as riais, que ustedes/ellos/ellas rà ­an (that I laugh, that you laugh, that she laugh, etc.) Imperfect Subjunctive of Rer que yo riera (riese), que tà º rieras (rieses), que usted/à ©l/ella riera (riese), que nosotros/as rià ©ramos (rià ©semos), que vosotros/as rierais (rieseis), que ustedes/ellos/ellas rieran (riesen) (that I laughed, that you laughed, that he laughed, etc.) Imperative of Rer rà ­e (tà º), no rà ­as (tà º), rà ­a (usted), riamos (nosotros/as), reà ­d (vosotros/as), no riais (vosotros/as), rà ­an (ustedes) (laugh, dont laugh, laugh, lets laugh, etc.) Compound Tenses of Rer The perfect tenses are made by using the appropriate form of haber and the past participle, reà ­do. The progressive tenses use estar with the gerund, riendo. Sample Sentences Showing Conjugation of Verbs in Rers Pattern Si rà ­es, yo reirà © contigo. (If you laugh, I will laugh with you. Present indicative, future.) En fin, rà ­e como nunca ha reà ­do en su vida. (Finally, he is smiling as he has never smiled in his life. Present indicative, present perfect.) Sonrio despuà ©s de unos segundos de incomodidad. (She laughed after a few seconds of discomfort. Preterite.) Quiero que riamos juntos. (I want us to laugh together.  Present subjunctive.) En las fotos tomadas ante del siglo XIX, las personas casi nunca sonreà ­an. (In photos taken before the 19th century, people are almost never smiling.  Imperfect.) Para hacer cebolla frita en conserva, yo la freirà ­a a fuego lento hasta que estuviera transparente. (To make fried onions for canning, I would fry them on a low flame until theyre transparent. (Past participle used as an adjective, conditional.)  ¡Sonrà ­e! (Smile! Imperative.)

Essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Question - Essay Example For example, considering that patriarchal social systems are the norm during the time of revelation, one can see why the choice of a male messenger of God in the form of Prophet Mohammad strengthened the status quo. What Wadud seems to be implying is that although there is no dispute about the revealed word, its documentation and dissemination was exclusively done by men, making it susceptible to sub-conscious (if not deliberate) gender bias. Seen in this perspective, the Holy book could be interpreted as a divine code meant to apply only to men and which employs masculine language and viewpoints throughout. With this new understanding it is then a natural course of action to reinterpret the text from a female point of view, by discounting historical patriarchal prejudices and attitudes toward women. Added to this there are limitations of language itself, which is found inadequate in encapsulating the numinous and transcendent into the range of common human experience. However sophisticated the syntax, grammar and flexibility of Arabic languages, they cannot capture experiences that are beyond words. This could mean that there is a divergence between divine intent and the Holy Quran. Also, divine revelation is a process and not an event. This was true even during the life of Prophet Mohammad, when divine guidance did not cease to arrive to him till his last days. So, if one sees the guidance provided by Allah as perennial and emergent, there is plenty of scope for constructing a fair and just code for womens role in society. If one would accommodate these adjustments to the reading of Quran, as the author Amina Wadud proposes, the the text ceases to be as oppressive for women as it is made out to be. I largely agree with the authors assessment and her suggestions for a progressi ve reinterpretation of the Quran. 2.

Choose one from the essay4 topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose one from the essay4 topic - Essay Example McKeon sounds a bit more pragmatic since he informs us about how the separation of the household from the business enterprise has left a substantial impact in the materialization of the capitalism and the modern culture. It was, however, Bordo’s notion of male-body that I found most interesting. Bordo focuses upon the cultural and psychological understanding of the male body in the post-modern world. Her writing also provides a good deal of argument on the gender issues related to body exposure in a variety of media. Though the issues discussed by McKeon and Bordo are not directly relevant to the pedagogical issues, yet we can derive a theory of education out of what they have presented in their works. My concept of education before reading the three authors was somewhat different. The study I believed that education was all about teaching and learning and that a teacher had to play pivotal role in the pedagogical process. The notion of education cannot be limited to formal education. Students spend more time at home or at other places than in schools. Their learning is a continuing process, which involves a variety of factors. A child’s education starts from the lap of her/his mother and then the exposure to society, peers, media, and a number of other factors directly or indirectly teach the child how to live, behave, interact, and handle problems. I also believed that a student-centered and activity-based education is better than the teacher-based education which involves extensive lecturing. I believed that a teacher must follow reflective teaching which involves creativity, experimentation and melioration of the pedagogical process through flexibility and acceptance of new formal/informal methods of teaching. The most important thing, in my opinion, was joy of learning. An ideal teacher should strive hard to teach in an interactive manner and make the students enjoy while learning new concepts. The authors we read during the course have

Effective Communication Essay Example for Free

Effective Communication Essay For the past six weeks being back in the classroom has help me to shift my focus when it comes to communicating. There was a point and time when I felt like what I said and how I said it was the only thing that mattered. However, I have learned throughout this course that Communicating an authentic self requires consistency between your presentation of self and your self – concept. Our presentation of self depends on whom we are communicating with and is called facework (Dobkin (2006). Communication in a Changing World). In this essay, I am prepared to show evidence of how I have learned to communicate better as well as the things that I need to improve within my methods of communication. After reviewing my Personal Skills Inventory Chart, I am not where I want to be but I am better than what I use to be six weeks ago. These changes will not happen overnight but, I am bound to improve them prior to me advancing to my next level as a student of Walden University. My grandmothers always use to tell us that there are three sides to every story, your story, the other person story and then the truth. This old age theory still holds truth when communicating whether, it’s online or face-to-face. I have learned that in order for me to be effective in communicating that I have to be face-to-face with an individual so that the other person would be able to see and notice the sincerity that I pose within the conversation. While communicating face-to-face, I can feel assured that my point is being communicated with validity as well as the other person(s) can know that I have received their message as well. I have notice that when online I can hide my true feelings, emotions and persona. The hidden quadrant represents those things that you know about yourself but that others do not (Dobkin (2006). Communication in a Changing World) is what I find that I am able to hide behind when communication online. When communicating online whether if it is in an email or chat communication for me personally is rather difficult because there are time that the message you are typing could not be received in the manner that you intended to say it. I often communicate with my wife throughout the day via email and depending on the nature of the conversation she tries to read between the lines of the email to find my emotion in what I am saying. When she or other persons do this they tend to think that I feel a certain type of way about the conversation and most likely that is not the case. When communicating online I am also able to hide behind those emotions and not say what I really would like to say to the person. However, when communicating face-to-face that emotion cannot go unnoticed and the receiving party would have to respect your stance. As I plan to move ahead within my course of degree work, I am hoping to improve my writing skills. For some time I have always struggled with grammar and writing to be proficient and professional whether if it was an email or a paper due for class. While in seminary, we were taught to write our sermons as we would be speaking to someone so therefore you conversation style would not always match your grammar. To help me to improve in my writing I am going to continue using the tools provided for me as a student of Walden such as Grammarly. Grammarly (formerly Sentenceworks) is an automated grammar and writing revision tool for academic writing (Walden Writing Center. (2009). Scholarly writing). I have started to use this tool since week 3 of this course and I have found it to be a great help prior to submitting papers to be graded. There is another source that I would continue to use which is turnitin  . This tool has become a valuable tool for me because it assures that I am submitting my assignments to the highest degree of academic integrity that is expected of me as a student of Walden. Lastly, I would continue to employ the help of my wife who has looked over majority of my assignments to assure that I am writing with clarity and my grammar is in order. In the next term I have been enrolled in an English Composition course that I am certain is going to challenge not only my thinking but, my writing as well. I am looking forward to challenge as this is one of my main goals and focal point at this time. While Walden University offer persons like me who have a very busy personal, family and career life the opportunity to learn from home and at your time schedule it can still be a change. Therefore, going forward I plan to improve my Time Management Skills. Since this was my first time back in the classroom in 12 years, I found it hard in the beginning balance my job, family, church and other social outlets that I belong to while trying to complete assignments. My enrollment advisor was very effective in helping me manage getting assignments in on time. Going forward, I plan on working ahead, reading the material and having an understanding of the assignment prior to the due date. Now that my children are back in school that would help me out a lot as well because we can all sit down at a designated time to complete assignments instead of me trying to complete mine and entertain them while they were on summer break. In my household we have a standard of Academic Excellence that everyone who is in class is upheld to. So with this charge to my children I plan to lead by example which would help me to improve in the area of time management. Even though this course only lasted for six weeks, I am very grateful for the knowledge and information that I have learned about communication. I am now more aware of verbal and non-verbal communication and also how other people can perceive information just by â€Å"judging a book by its cover. † The challenge has presented itself in completing assignments on time while trying to manage other areas of life but for the most part I have adhered to those deadlines but look forward to improving in that area as well. Lastly, I am excited about using the tools and methods that are provided to me to help me along the way with my writing skills. I recall one the first couple days of class and looking at some other classmates discussions, at first I felt bad because I thought my writing was horrible but, then I realize I wasn’t alone. However, in due time I plan to be very proficient in my writing skills that I would only produce scholarly work.

Ethics of Civil Disobedience Essay -- Ethics Morals Philosophy Rationa

Ethics of Civil Disobedience Ban animal cruelty! Give aid to the poor! Save the rainforests! Obey the law! As a human race we must strive to fulfill these commands, for they are our moral duties and obligations. Our obligation to morality sometimes leads to a dilemma. What happens when a law contradicts the morally right thing to do? Would it be moral to act illegally by breaking the law? No matter how drastic the measure, we are still required to act morally--even if one must break the law to do so. But why is it so important to be moral that one could justify something as serious as breaking the law? If morality is so significant that one could justify breaking the law we must consider the importance of being moral in the first place. The question â€Å"Why be moral?† is difficult for many philosophers to answer. Just by our attempt to answer this question we would already be displaying the need to act morally. This is more clearly seen with the difficulty is asking a similar type of question, â€Å"Why act rationally?† According to Singer many philosophers reject the question â€Å"Why act morally?† because it is parallel to this question of acting rationally. It would take rationality to explain why one should act rationally. Thus defeating the need to explain the importance of rationality in the first place. â€Å"†¦it needs no justification, because it cannot be intelligibly questioned unless it is already presupposed† (Singer 316). Similarly â€Å"why be moral?† asks for a moral reason to act morally. Modern Kantianism considers acting rationally to be the same as acting ethically. If this is true, one could rationalize a need that is in their own self interest, yet at the same time against the interest of another individual. Since this c... ... is the only means of preventing greater violence would be responsible for the greater violence they fail to prevent† (Singer 307). Pacifism can be seen in the same way as the omission approach to euthanasia. Although you are not directly killing, by refusing to step in you are allowing to die. Since the ends can justify the means, even something as radical as violently breaking the law can be the moral thing to do. Above all we desire a meaning to life. We can find meaning by acting morally. Therefore, one is not obligated to obey a law that contradicts morality. After all, it would be morally wrong of the government to deny anyone meaning in life. Works Cited * Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics, 2nd edition. 1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press * Rachels, James. â€Å"The Elements of Moral Philosophy,† Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2003.

Four Learning Styles Essay

1.Sensing-Thinking or Mastery Learners What Motivates Mastery Learners? Master learners rely on sensing as a mode of perception and thinking as a means of judgment or decision making. They prefer well-organized, highly-reutilized classrooms where expectations are clearly described and strongly related to practical outcomes such as good grades, things they can make or do, and practical connections to jobs and careers. More than anything else Mastery learners want to appear competent, able to complete the work assigned as well or better than other students in their classrooms or grade levels. How Mastery Students Learn Most Easily The combination of sensing with thinking creates students with a strong need for purposeful action. They are frequently uncomfortable with both reading and lecture and prefer to learn from brief demonstrations followed by immediate opportunities to practice what they have seen or heard. They learn most easily in skill-based content areas where each step is modeled in a step-by-step manner, and where practice is followed by immediate feedback on how well they have done. They also look for clear instructions on how they can improve their performance. They prefer work that calls for short, right or wrong answers, and they learn most easily where there is a physical object they can manipulate or a visual diagram they can follow. 2.Intuitive-Thinking or Understanding Learners What Motivates Understanding Learners? Understanding learners rely on intuition as a mode of perception and thinking as a means of judgment or decision making. Intuition focuses the learners’ attention on ideas rather than details, abstractions rather than facts, patterns rather than components, forests rather than trees. The thinking function creates a strong need for logical consistency, a commitment to thinking things through, a preference for reason and discovery over demonstration and modeling. Though some Understanding learners share with Mastery students a desire for efficiency, they are motivated largely by a need to understand and question what they learn rather than simply accept and record what the textbook or the teacher claims. How Understanding Students Learn Most Easily The Understanding learner thrives in an intellectual atmosphere and has a strong drive for perfection. Rigorous texts, demanding and complex ideas, well-organized but provocative lectures stimulate Understanding learners’ brains to action. But this intellectual atmosphere needs to be balanced effectively with opportunities for them to develop their own ideas and to question, revise, and criticize the ideas of others. They may grasp a new concept with frightening speed and lucidity but may require more time to think things through and put the new learning into action. The demand for logical consistency means they have a strong need to question and test ideas. Finally, their concern with intellectual content and reasoning sometimes causes them to undervalue the need for routine work and practice resulting in boredom when teachers insist on drill and practice. 3.Intuitive-Feeling or Self-Expressive Learners What Motivates Self-Expressive Learners? Self-Expressive learners rely on intuition as a mode of perception and feeling as a means of judgment or decision making. The intuition of Self-Expressive learners uses hunch, guessing, and insight to organize the world into shifting patterns of possibility. Meanwhile, their feeling function applies association, memory, and emotion to the task of turning these patterns into concrete images they can use to understand what they are learning, and to create meaningful products. It is through these processes of imagination, creativity, personal expression, and communication that Self-Expressive learners become excited and motivated in the classroom. How Self-Expressive Students Learn Most Easily Self-Expressive learners need stimulation and surprise to engage and focus their attention. They thrive on imaginative literature and provocative prose in science and social studies. They master content when they can add a personal, creative hook to lessons or create a project to stimulate their imaginations: in social studies, they might look to bring in dusty diaries of ancestors or to write a history of the America Revolution through the eyes of a slave or Native American; in science class they might push for a  trip to the local pond that’s been carved in the woods by a glacier; they might use their knowledge of statistics and percentages to create a business plan. They also need sustained, quieter times to work through and implement their ideas. 4.Sensing-Feeling or Interpersonal Learners What Motivates Interpersonal Learners? Interpersonal learners rely on sensing (focus on the physical nature of the world) as a mode of perception and feeling as a means of judgment or decision making. But, unlike Mastery learners who transform the data into separate details, Interpersonal learners look to extend these physical sensations into images and emotions and strive to connect this new information to their own body of personal experience. What Interpersonal students seek that Mastery students don’t is a sense of belonging and a reason to believe they are part of a team or cooperative group. Interpersonal students are strongly motivated by the quality of their relationships to the teacher, to the other students, and to their parents and friends. How Interpersonal Students Learn Most Easily The combination of sensing and feeling provokes in the Interpersonal student a strong need for conversation. The Interpersonal student best confirms and reinforces new learning through conversation, personal connections, and shared projects. When it comes to skills, both Mastery and Interpersonal learners need modeling and demonstration, but Interpersonal learners prefer a more personal approach where feedback and correction are carried by the human voice of the teacher or another student. Though they show some preference for short answer work, they are quite comfortable with work that asks for their thoughts, feelings, and personal opinions .Physical objects and visual diagrams can aid in their learning, but it is the quality of the social content, learning partner, cooperative group, or relationship with the teacher that drives them to do their best work.

CESAREAN BIRTH Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Relation of Cesarean Birth to Nursing Practice Cesarean birth is a present trend that has a direct effect on nursing as a professional. The impacts may be categorized in both positive and negative based on the effect on the effects to the patient and healthcare community. The increased rates for C-section deliveries have led to the growth in demand for more nurses who are involved during and after the procedure. Consequently, an increment in hospitals that offer C-section facilities has been noted. The high demand leads to entry of quack doctors and nurses in some regions to earn profits from the practice. This case is mostly found underdeveloped countries where there are no regulatory bodies for nurses and healthcare. The trend leads to complications of patients and death in extreme cases. The nurse has the main role of a caregiver and manager to the patients. However, the C-section practice has made it difficult for professional nurses to take care of their patients. For example, women have the right to chose c-section in hosp itals. In some cases, the nurses do not have sufficient time to monitor and test the mother for any disorders or defect that may complicate the processes during cesarean births. We will write a custom essay sample on CESAREAN BIRTH or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As a result, any outcome that comes up, sometimes death leaves the nurses responsible for the action. However, scrutiny of such cases shows that women are at risk of some complications during cesarean births. Standard policies require that mothers should frequently be tested before undergoing the operations. On the contrary, a shift in the decision-making process from the nurse to the mother has a negative effect to the professionalism of the nurses. Additionally, the c-section delivery procedure has several risks that are not known to the pregnant mothers. They just make a random decision without awareness of the dangers. Nurses also act as primary advocates to all patients despite their cases. The use of C-section surgeries to give birth increases the workloads to cater for the mothers and children. The procedure may cause a shortage in the number of nurses to operate and take care of other patients at the hospitals. The increase cases of cesarean births means that nurses have more patients to cater for. For examples, with the increases birth rates, more cesarean deliveries will cause overloading of the theatres. As a result, pregnant women may endanger their lives and those of their children. It also reduces the bed capacities in hospitals. For example, hospital stays in the United States in 2011 was estimated at 1.6 million for C-section patients.