Roper vs. Simmons Free Essays

Roper versus Simmons was one of only a handful barely any cases in just about two decades to address whether it’s protected under the eighth and fourteenth changes to execute an adolescent guilty party who was beyond fifteen eighteen years old younger than eighteen when he/she carried out a capital wrongdoing. In 1988, Thompson versus We will compose a custom article test on Roper versus Simmons or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Oklahoma prohibited the execution of minors who were sixteen years old when they carried out a capital wrongdoing. Another case, Stanford versus Kentucky (1989), isolated the court which in the long run dismissed that the Constitution avoids the death penalty for minors of this age gathering. Roper versus Simmons upset the choice in Stanford versus Kentucky. Just seven nations in the previous century have supported execution of minors sentenced for capital violations: Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, China, and Congo. Before the case numerous Americans didn't imagine that the execution of minors was viewed as savage and unordinary discipline if a capital wrongdoing was carried out, however after the wrongdoing numerous Americans started to contradict it. Those seven nations have additionally, from that point forward, precluded these executions. Christopher Simmons was a lesser in secondary school at seventeen years old when he submitted a pre-pondered murder. Around nine months after the wrongdoing was submitted when he was eighteen years old, he was attempted in court and condemned to death. Simmons talked about his arrangement to kill Shirley Crook with his two companions Charles Benjamin and John Tessemer (ages fifteen and sixteen at that point), coming about because of an auto crash including Benjamin and Simmons. Simmons’ thought was to break in to Mrs. Crook’s home, tie her up, and drive her to a scaffold where he would hurl her from to her demise. Simmons was under the feeling that he and his companions could pull off the wrongdoing since they were minors. The three young men met around 2:00 A. M. on the night the homicide was submitted (September ninth, 1993). Tessemer pulled out before the other two young men went on their way (he was accused of intrigue from the outset, yet the charges were dropped when he affirmed against Simmons). The two young men continued to enter the Crook home by coming to through an open window and opening their secondary passage. Simmons turned on a lobby light, alarming Mrs. Evildoer as she asked who was there. Simmons then entered her room, perceiving her which he later said was his determination to kill her. The two young men cooperated and utilized conduit tape to cover her eyes and mouth and bound her hands. They took her minivan to a state park, fortified her ties, and secured her head with a towel. They at that point strolled to a railroad trestle over the Meramec River, limited her options and feet along with electrical wire, and wraped her whole face with pipe tape before they tossed her into the waters underneath for her to suffocate. The evening of September ninth, 1993, Shirley’s spouse, Steven Crook, came back from a short-term trip and was frightened by the muddled house he got back home to without his better half there to invite him. After he announced his significant other missing, a similar evening angler recuperated the victim’s body structure the Meramec River. Simmons obviously had been boasting to his companions about killing Shirley saying he slaughtered her â€Å"because the bitch seen my face†. The following day, police got data about Simmons’ association the wrongdoing and he was captured at his secondary school in Fenton, Missouri. Simmons postponed his entitlement to a lawyer and quickly consented to respond to questions. Before the second hour of addressing was finished, Simmons had just admitted to killing Shirley Crook and consented to play out a video reenactment of the wrongdoing. Simmons’ pardon for the wrongdoing he asserted was to maintain a strategic distance from his capture for the ongoing fender bender the two of them had been engaged with. The State of Missouri accused Simmons of thievery, hijacking, taking, and murder in the principal degree. Simmons was seventeen years old at that point, yet was attempted as a grown-up. The State quickly looked for capital punishment, after Shirley Crook’s spouse, little girl and two sisters introduced alarming proof on how much effect her demise had just brought to their lives. Simmons’ mother, father, two relatives, neighbor, and companion all argued in the interest of his leniency to the court. Simmons’ attorney contended that his age ought to be viewed as a moderating element, yet the jury despite everything suggested capital punishment, and the preliminary appointed authority chose to force it. Around 9 years after the Simmons’ case had totally run its course, in 2002 Atkins versus Virginia disallowed the execution of an intellectually hindered individual, and Simmons’ attempted to record another request for state postconviction help, saying this caused the Constitution to restrict the execution of somebody if the wrongdoing was submitted when they were under 18. This was the second time Simmons had offered; the first being the point at which he asserted he had not gotten sufficient help during the preliminary in light of the fact that extra data with respect to his troublesome home foundation, impulsivity, and being effectively affected by others was not introduced to the appointed authority (this intrigue was dismissed). They checked on the Stanford versus Kentucky case and concurred that it was not, at this point legitimate with impact of global assessment of execution of minors who had carried out capital violations. Equity Anthony Kennedy represented the State in March 2005 expressing that execution of adolescents who carried out violations before they turned 18 was viewed as savage and uncommon discipline. Simmons’ capital punishment was then saved and they resentenced him to life in jail with no possibility of parole, probation, or discharge without the Governor’s doing so by and by. This case demonstrated very well that the United States is reasonable for their blamed lawbreakers. The court indicated this emphatically when they completely considered and thoroughly considered each intrigue that Christopher made to them, and they altogether checked on the entirety of his privileges too. Some other grown-up would have gotten capital punishment without addressing, however Simmons got numerous open doors that individuals more than eighteen would not have gotten. It was astounding that Simmons won the intrigue after the Atkins versus Virginia case since he was not intellectually impeded and couldn’t precisely identify with the case himself. Murder will be murder, and Christopher ought not have had as much relief since his wrongdoing was totally pre-ruminated. The most effective method to refer to Roper versus Simmons, Essay models

Welfare Programs Essays - Federal Assistance In The United States

Government assistance Programs Government assistance is an administration program that gives cash, clinical consideration, food, lodging, and different things that individuals need so as to endure. Individuals who can get help from these government assistance programs are youngsters, seniors, incapacitated, and other people who can't bolster their families on their present pay. Another name for government assistance is open help. There are numerous associations that gracefully this open help. For example, Salvation Army and different gatherings. Open help benefits help numerous individuals who live underneath the neediness line, a pay level is set up for families. In the event that your salary is underneath this you would be qualified to get this assistance. Government assistance in the United States Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the needy individuals through around 60 open help programs. A great many people get help through one of the four significant projects. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or on the other hand Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will examine the four programs separately. Medicaid gives free clinical consideration to the needy individuals. Assets differ from state to state. In certain circumstances, individuals who might have the option to pay every day needs, however can't manage the cost of enormous doctor's visit expenses may likewise have the option to get Medicaid. A few administrations took care of for are tabs, for example, specialist's visits and nursing home consideration. Most Medicaid subsidizing originates from the government. The rest is provided by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid program. A.F.D.C. gives money advantages to subordinate kids and the guardians or the gatekeepers dealing with them. Most families that meet all requirements for A.F.D.C. have simply one parent in the home. Around 80 percent of these families are going by a lady. A.F.D.C. additionally pays advantages to two-parent families if the two guardians are jobless. Most A.F.D.C. subsidizing originates from the central government. The states give the remainder of the cash and control the program. The spans of families' installment differ from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This gives monetary Aid to individuals in need who are at any rate 65 years of age, daze, or handicapped. The central government funds and directs standardized savings pay programs in many states, however a few states flexibly the government installment and are ready to run their own projects. At long last, the Food Stamp Program helps low-salary family units purchase more and preferred food over they could somehow or another bear. Each taking an interest family gets a specific number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are given by the national government. The quantity of stamps a family unit gets fluctuates with the family's size, salary, and costs. Coordinating supermarkets acknowledge the stamps like cash for food buys as it were. There are different projects, for example, vitality help and open lodging. Vitality help, which is governmentally financed yet controlled by the states, makes a difference individuals take care of fuel tabs. Open lodging gives minimal effort rental lofts in government possessed structures. State and nearby governments subsidize and oversee their own general help programs. These projects give budgetary guide to penniless individuals who don't meet all requirements for different kinds of government assistance. Individuals holding up to get help from different projects additionally may get transitory crisis help from general help. Back in the good 'ol days, government assistance took after the English framework. Social governments were answerable for helping poor people. In any case, the provinces and later the states, some of the time helped the neighborhood government give help. The principal government assistance program, started after the Revolutionary War, they given annuities to war veterans. During the Civil War these annuities were extended to cover fighters' widows and vagrants. In the mid 1900's, essential obligation regarding giving government assistance benefits moved from nearby to state governments. During these years, states sanctioned projects to help subordinate youngsters and the older. The reactions of government assistance goes over various social and monetary issues. A few people scrutinize government assistance programs for not giving sufficiently high advantages to dispose of destitution. Spending on government assistance would need to build extraordinarily to wipe out neediness, and numerous individuals accept the expense is now excessively high. Numerous pundits of the government assistance framework charge that giving a consistent pay to poor individuals energizes inertness. All things considered, most government assistance benefits go to old, visually impaired, and handicapped individuals and moms with youthful kids. However, government assistance discourages a few beneficiaries from working harder by decreasing advantages if their salary increments. Numerous individuals likewise condemn the government assistance framework for being excessively intricate and expensive to oversee. Each program has its own qualification prerequisites and methods of computing benefits, and these rules change from state to state. Open authorities gather point by point data about candidates to decide their qualification for benefits. This procedure is tedious and

Best Free Website Hosting Sites 10 Top Web Hosts Reviewed

Best Free Website Hosting Sites 10 Top Web Hosts Reviewed .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on March 7, 2020Just do a Google search. You can find article after article explaining the dangers of free hosting Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert By-and-large, Im in agreement. If youre launching an online business, this certainly rings true. For other online endeavors, though, the best free website hosts might have just what you need. Continue Reading to find out about the best free hosting providers that might be right for youYou might also like: Best hosting services Consider a few possible scenarios:Youre starting a small blog, and you want to get some content up as quick as possible as a placeholder.You dont have a domain yet, but you want to display some content that you already have.Youre strapped for funds and need a temporary soluti on until your situation improves.In those cases, and perhaps a few more, free hosting could hold the solution to your problems. Now you just need to identify the best free web hosting sites. Thats where I come in. Take a look at these free website hosting reviews and lets see which would work best for you.NOTE: If you are looking to host a more robust website for business, or to make money then you will want to opt for a solid paid service instead of a free one. Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches You can get started with a real site for only $2.64/month with HostGator using our exclusive link on the button below. Click here to get hosting for $2.64/month Table of Contents Free website hosting com parison chartHere are the 10 best free website hosting companies1. Weebly2. Wix3. x10Hosting.com4. 000WebHost.com5. Bravenet6. FreeHosting.com7. Free Hosting No Ads8. WebFreeHosting.com9. Freehostia10. 5GBFree.comFree website hosting: our conclusionFree website hosting comparison chart Company Ads? Bandwidth File transfer Domain registration WeeblyNoUnlimitedYesYes WixNo500 MBYesYes x10HostingNoUnlimitedYesYes 000WebHostNoUnlimitedYesYesBravenetNoUnlimitedYesNoFreeHosting.comNo250 GBYesYesFree Web Hosting No AdsNo200 GBYesYesWebFreeHostingNo5 GBYesYesFreehostiaNo6 GBYesYes5GBFree.comNo20 GBYesYesWhen youre looking at free hosts, the cost wont be the determining factor, obviously. Youre going to want to check how reliable a host is.Youll also want to take into account how well each host mitigates the downsides associated with free hosting. Do they have ads? How much bandwidth do you get? Do they have customer support? How long have they been around?Got it? Good, lets continue.Here ar e the 10 best free website hosting companies1. WeeblyYou also gain access to Weeblys drag-and-drop website builder. Creating a site is as easy as operating a word processor, complete with free templates. No e-commerce or email integration, though. This bumps them down a bit and prevents them from being the top free web hosting option available. Check out Weebly now! 2. Wix Thats about where the good ends, though, as there are plenty of limitations that come along with their service.Youre restricted to one of Wixs subdomains. Theyll display ads and branding your site. Theyve severely limited storage space and bandwidth. Their customer support isnt what youd call the greatest. They also short you on e-commerce solutions and e-mail.Still, if youre just looking for something quick and easy, Wixs platform may have what you need. Their website creator is truly one of the most robust on the market. Check out the video below for a brief overview of what they can do: Check out Wix no w! 3. x10Hosting.comThese guys offer the complete hosting package right there with the free service. No ads, and plentiful domains. You get two of your own, two sub-domains, and the option to park one additional domain.x10Hosting.com also offers unlimited bandwidth/disk space, free email accounts, e-commerce, and 1-click installation for your favorite web software. This is on top of the simple-to-use website builder. A complete hosting package indeed.4. 000WebHost.comThese guys have been around since 2007. Theyre currently hosting close to 14 million worldwide users. Are they worth it? They have plenty of the right offerings with their service. No ads, a free website builder, and 1-click installation.They offer good benefits like a bold uptime guaranteeâ€"99.9%â€"something that rivals most paid services. Perhaps the most attractive feature they tout is their limitless bandwidth and disk space.This means you can store and support as much traffic as you need as your site grows.000web host.com also supports PHP, MySQL, and other advanced features you wouldnt normally associate with a free service. Theyre in the running for top free web hosting, bar none.5. BravenetNow with over 15 million members! Thats an impressive tagline, and theyve got an impressive free service backing it up.A drag-and-drop builder, e-commerce options, and unlimited storage/bandwidth. The drawbacks are having to use a Bravenet sub-domain and no email with the free service.6. FreeHosting.comRight off the bat, FreeHosting.com scores points for offering an ad-free service. This means that whatever site you host with them is going to look more professional than it might with lesser options.They have website creation tools and templates so you can build a site quickly.They have 1-click installation for CMS and other third-party apps. They allow fast uploads for photos and other media. They allow for site backups.They have built-in e-commerce solutions for selling products. They also include soci al media integration so that you can promote yourself across the web.7. Free Hosting No AdsIts right there in the title. Free Web Hosting No Ads provides exactly that. They make setup easy with their drag-and-drop editor. They also provide hundreds of HTML and Flash templates, maximizing your choices.Bandwidth and disk space arent the greatest. Thats in comparison to a bonafide paid host, however. They provide more than enough for a fledgling website. You should be able to get your idea off the ground with no problems using their service.8. WebFreeHosting.comWebFreeHosting.com has a no-nonsense pitch: absolutely free web hosting with no hidden fees. With that, you gain access to PHP, Perl, CGI-BIN, MySql, POP3 email, FTP, a File Manager, and a Script Installer.There are no ads. They offer free customer support. They also have a 99.9% uptime guarantee. Youll get one domain of your own, and you can add up to three sub-domains.They also have a free website builder. If you dont have exp erience crafting web pages, this is a definite boon as it makes the design process that much easier.9. FreehostiaFreehostias free hosting service presents itself as a faster option. They claim to be up to 15 times faster than the widespread one-server hosting platform solution. They also include 1-click installation for most CMS and free scripts.They are an ad-free service, allow five free domains and three email accounts. The 99.9% uptime guarantee is a definite plus. They also offer 24/7 customer support. This is something of a rarity among free services, and their response time is actually quite good, all things considered.Their limited bandwidth and disk space, though, cripple their overall ranking.10. 5GBFree.comA newer free web host with some solid features. 5GBFree.com offers an ad-free service with domain hosting and 1-click install for CMS. They offer security, customer support, and support for PHP, MySQL, and CURL.Their resource offerings are somewhat scant in comparison t o other services. They provide 20GB bandwidth and 5GB worth of disk space. You wont get any email accounts with 5GBFree.com, but you will get your own domain.Its a good option for a small blog or website just trying to get their footing. For anything else, though, you might find the restrictions too limiting.Free website hosting: our conclusionFree web hosting might not always offer everything that a paid host will give you. There are, however, plenty of reasons youd use a free host, and no reason not to get the best free hosting around.Hopefully, our free website hosting reviews clued you in on what to look for in your search. You might even want to try one of our recommendations and see if theyre the right free host for you.If you are looking to kick it up a notch with an economical paid hosting platform, HostGator tops the list. 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Lord Of The Flies By William Golding - 1946 Words

Lord of the Flies, William Golding’s famous novel, reveals the influence that personal advantage can convey in human decisions. The novel describes the diversity in the fundamentals and corruption of power, exemplifying the lure of personal advantage in contrast to a moral sense. When first on the island, the boys held a common view of order and leadership, in which they gravitated to the evidence of classical social order they found in Ralph. As time progressed the group of boys stranded on the island experienced a change in mindset and they rebelled against the classic expectations of society, as the lack of adults on the island led the boys to decide what actions needed to be taken. Jack corrupted Ralph’s authority using the lure of personal advantage and reciprocity, and the conflict between Jack’s goals, driven by personal gain, and Ralph s goals, driven by a moral sense, caused the boys to act against their morals and thrust Jack into power. In the beginning stages of electing a chief on the island, the boys focused on the first signs of a classical order that they witness in those around them. On first thought, in the opinion of the boys: â€Å"what intelligence had been shown (by Ralph) was traceable to Piggy, and the most obvious leader was Jack.† (Golding 22) When the ‘boys’ had deduced this, Golding described Jack as exuding confidence, Piggy as intelligent but shy, and Ralph as generally kind, but to a certain extent oblivious as he heavily relies on the guidance ofShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies By William Golding869 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Psychology Sometimes people wear fake personas like a cloak over their shoulders, used to hide what is really underneath. This harsh reality is witnessed in William Golding’s classic Lord of the Flies, a novel that is famous for not only its sickening plot, but also for the emotional breakdowns all of its characters experience. These issues are akin to those shown in certain real-world psychological experiments. A summary of Golding’s Lord of the Flies, combined with the evidenceRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1347 Words   |  6 Pages The theme of The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, is the reason society is flawed is because people are flawed. Although Piggy is knowledgeable, he has many flaws including his laziness and physical inabilities. Ralph is an authority seeker. He sets rules and laws, yet does little to enforce them. Ralph wants to be the ruler, without doing the work to enforce his laws. Jack is persistent. He is rude, harsh and violent in or der to get what he wants. He wants to be supreme. Piggy’s flaws areRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1123 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel Lord of The Flies by William Golding, the characters Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent important World War II leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Winston Churchill. Golding, who had served in World War II, was well aware of the savagery created, and used it to base his book on. Ralph represents Franklin Roosevelt , Jack represents Adolf Hitler, and Piggy represents Winston Churchill. Ralph being of the novel’s main protagonist is important in the outcome of the story becauseRead MoreThe Lord Of The Flies By William Golding1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Lord of the Flies Essay The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding and published on September 17, 1954 is a story told about a group of stranded boys and their fight for survival against the wilderness and themselves. In this story many signs of symbolism are used by Golding to point out certain aspects of society that Golding thought strongly of. This story on first read may just seem to be a survival- esque piece of literature but, on a deeper look one can find Golding’s true motiveRead MoreLord of The Flies by William Golding619 Words   |  2 PagesGovernments are no different; they fight for power just like the rest of us do. They just do it on a much bigger scale. Qualities from Oligarchy, Totalitarianism, Democracy, Dictatorship, and Anarchy governments are used in several parts of Lord of The Flies that represent different characters and different situations. An Oligarchy is a small group of people having control of a country or organization. A Totalitarianism government is a form of government that permits no individual freedom and thatRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learned from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord of the Flies by William Golding932 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing two particular themes from a novel called Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Lord of the Flies was written in 1954 after World War II. Ruler of the Flies is a purposeful anecdote about something that many readers can’t really describe. Individuals cant choose precisely what. Its either about the inalienable underhanded of man, or mental battle, or religion, or personal inclination, or the creators emotions on war; however William Golding was in the Navy throughout World War II, or perhapsRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as the y have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreLord of the Flies, by William Golding1055 Words   |  5 Pages In William Goldings Lord of the Flies a group of English school boys crash land onto an uninhabited island somewhere in the Mid Atlantic ocean. Ralph, the protagonist and also the elected leader, tries to maintain peace and avoid any calamity on the island. However, Jack is neither willing to contribute nor listen because he is jealous of Ralph and has a sickening obsession with killing boars. Ralph has some good traits that help him maintain peace and balance for a period of time. He is charismaticRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pages Outline Introduction Short intro for Lord of the Flies Short intro on Gangs The bullying and group mentality demonstrated in gangs has resemblances to the characters in Lord of the Flies. II. Bullying/Group mentality Gangs Drugs/Loyalty B. Lord of the flies Jack kills the pig/Jack and Ralph fight III. Effects B. Lord of the flies Jack killing the pig aftermath Violence IV. Conclusion Gangs are considered a group of people that have a common link together

Presentation Sample on Cognitive Science

Presentation Sample on Cognitive Science Cognitive Science Overview of the David Rosenthal’s Higher-Order-Theory (HOT Theory) When the word HOT theory or Higher-Order-Theory is mentioned, the question that comes to the mind of a learner is: What could be the meaning of HOT theory or what does higher-order-theory means in actual sense? For the sake of those who might not have come across this theory, HOT theory or what is also known as Higher-Order-Theory in the perspective of David Rosenthal, is described in various ways as indicated herein: There is no mental condition that is conscious if one is not aware of that condition. Thus, a mental condition or state is considered conscious only if one is aware of the himself/herself as being in that condition. David also adds that human beings are aware of mental conditions that are conscious just by having ideas that one is in that condition. In the perspective of David, the higher order-thoughts are rare of conscious thoughts; they are different from states they are about. The standard procedure applied to differentiate mental consciousness in daily psychologies involves a differentiation made in the context that an individual is in a position to report his/her mental condition. However, David adds that humans cannot report mental conditions that are not conscious in nature. Another important issue that should be noted in the higher-order-thought is that higher-order-thoughts accompany mental conditions, hence enabling one to make mental condition reports. Humans do not have higher-order knowledge of mental conditions and thus are not conscious, hence cannot r eport their mental states. What are the Basic Tenets of David Rosenthal’s Theory? So what exactly are the tenets or the basic components of David Rosenthal’s Higher-Order-Theory? I am confident that many people, interested in learning various aspects of this theory may want to determine what exactly makes this theory. That is, what are the basic tenets of this theory? To begin with, Rosenthal’s theory is based in three major tenets. These tenets are the first order experience, second/higher-order-thought and the third order-thought. Rosenthal believes that these three tenets are what enable an individual to express his mental conditions or mental state, without necessarily having to report them. These tenets make the Higher-Order-theory a unique aspect of theory owing to the fact that: The conscious mental condition of a person entails that the person has thoughts or sensation about his mental state. In this regard, the conscious state is usually accompanied by series of rough simultaneous higher-order-thoughts concerning a specific mental condition. That is, the consciousness mental condition of a person is introspectively complemented by a second level higher-order-thought. That is, the unconscious state of the mind is complemented by the conscious mental state, which is also complemented by the introspective conscious condition. An example of the unconscious state occurs when is not aware of his state of mind, hence cannot make sense of any information. In relation to the conscious state, or what David refers to second level higher-order-thought, one is a position to determine his state of mind, but cannot make report of this state. The second level higher-order-thought is usually complemented by the introspective state where one is able to analyze and examine data, hence provide a report about it. Positive Criticism of David’s Higher-Order-Theory Many philosophers and scholars who support David’s higher-order-theory hold the view that consciousness can be explained by the relationship between two main levels of mental conditions, whereby the higher-order mental condition assumes another mental condition. This aspect may occur through sensation or thought. This may occur in situations such as; a person using a computer acquires the sensation of the black and white color of his/her computer. Such aspects of sensations are usually considered conscious by virtue of higher-order-theories, basically because an individual has a higher order state concerning such sensations. Supporters of David’s higher-order-theory have also applied the concept of two distinctions that are important in the differentiation of consciousness among creatures. The first distinction may be made among creatures using conditional consciousness as well as introspective consciousness. The second distinction is usually referred as transitive as it entails a consideration of an object; that is distinction made on the basis of binary relationship between elements for instance such that if a situation applies is i.e. A where A is considered wider than B and B is wider than C, the A is automatically wider than C. Negative Critics/ Criticism As learners, it is important that we explore various arguments concerning theories that have been proposed by many researchers. That is, a consideration of both the positive perspectives as well as opposing perspectives. This is a crucial part of learning; it increases our knowledge, by enhancing our understanding of the reasons why people have different perspectives and their impacts on issues. Considering the case of David’s Higher-Order-Theory, there are two main critics that are known by their eloquence and fierceness in relation to expressing their critical views, coupled by application of evidence. The main two critics of this theory are: Kati Balog: He is known for his fierce expression of ideas, and critical analysis on different issues. Apparently, Kati Balog has also made significant contributions in regard to enhancing the understanding of David Rosenthal’s theory and other crucial issues associated with it. In his view, David-s Higher-Order-Theory was presented in a wrong manner. He emphasizes that David was wrong to claim that his theory is self-evident by linking awareness of the state and consciousness. He also believes that David did not account for how individuals can access certain aspects of mental conditions and report through verbal channels. As such, this theory was characterized by limited explanation, that is, through the failure to define the phenomenal properties being indicated in the statements. In this aspect, Kati Balog believes that David Rosenthal was wrong by terming or calling this theory a theory of access consciousness, as he should have named it phenomenal consciousness theory. An other major weakness exhibited in this theory according to Kati Balog is that it appears to have shown that there is a likelihood of inaccessible mental conditions, despite the fact that there is simultaneous occurrence of awareness and consciousness. On this account, Kati Balog believes that the Higher-Order-Theory does not appear to highlight how the access to consciousness is achieved. Lastly, he believes that the explanation provided by Rosenthal is not satisfactory in nature in a field that is characterized by persuading theorists and metaphysical aspects of argument. Papineau: He has also provided his views on David’s Higher-Order Theory. He asserts that this theory has propagated a false dilemma among learners, due to the manner through, which it is over-simplified. Papineau also argues that David presented his theory in an ambiguous manner. The false dilemma created by this theory according to Papineau is based on the fact that the status of experience relies on judgments made later or the later higher-level order memory. That is, one mental state depends on the next level mental state to make judgments. Papineau also argues that David’s higher-order-theory is a type of theory that causes a threat to backwards causation of consciousness; that is a consciousness that relies on a later judgment from higher-order-thoughts. He explains that this backwards causation occurs as a result of the denial of phenomenally experienced states/conditions. What are the Insights/Lessons that we can learn from this theory? I hope all of us are aware of the fact that theories are meant to improve our insights and widen our scope of reasoning. From David’s theory, there are various lessons that we can learn. To begin with, this theory, through the three main tenets of consciousness, enables us to understand that reasoning process occurs through states. The first state is characterized by unconscious nature of the mind that is usually complemented by a higher-order thought, the conscious state of the mind, which is also ultimately complemented by the introspective state of the mind. The other lesson that we can learn from this theory is that the nature of state of consciousness between animas and human beings are different. Animals or what David refers as creatures make judgment through conditional consciousness, while reasoning and reporting among humans is made through what is referred as transitive consciousness as it is usually based in an object. In summary, there are various issues that emerge from an analysis of David’s theory on a similar basis like any other theory. The first issue is that this theory is made of three main tenets, the introspective, higher-order thought and the unconscious state. This theory has also been a subject to both positive and negative aspects of criticism, although there are no discussions from David indicating his counter-arguments in relation to negative critics. The theory is also an indication of how scholars have an understanding of various issues ascribed to psychological facets. We can also learn that some critics have provided proof that there is neural evidence that has led to the realization of higher-order-theory enabling individuals to be aware of their mental conditions. This awareness is deemed necessary for making mental conditions report, however, there are alternatives that provide suggestions which dispute the necessity of metal awareness. These critics have emphasized that there is a significant difference between other theories of the brain and Rosenthal’s theory. This is mainly due to the fact that Rosenthal method does not indicate empirical commitment to the philosophical approaches consciousness theory for instance: It cannot provide explanations how an individual can have dreams and fails to explain the dream a few hours later.

Utilitarianism in Government - 1653 Words

In its political philosophy utilitarianism provides an alternative to theories of natural law and the social contract by basing the authority of government and the sanctity of individual rights upon their utility, or measure of happiness gained. As an egalitarian doctrine, where everyone’s happiness counts equally, the rational, relatively straightforward nature of utilitarianism offers an attractive model for democratic government. It offers practical methods for deciding the morally right course of action - â€Å"...an action is right as it tends to promote happiness, wrong as it tends to diminish it, for the party whose interests are in question† (Bentham, 1780). To discover what we should do in a given situation, we identify the various†¦show more content†¦One major point of contention, however, is that it is often difficult, if not impossible, to measure and compare the values of certain benefits and costs. How does one assign value to human life, or time , or artistic pleasures such as literature and music? Mills response was to introduce variables to pleasure. While Bentham concentrated on quantity (the pleasures duration, intensity, etc), Mill stressed quality. Adding the feature of quality to pleasure differentiates â€Å" higher†, intellectual pleasures from common, physical ones. He argues in his famous quote â€Å"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is only because they only know their own side of the question†. This reasoning is not very satisfactory if we consider how subjective (and elitist) it can be. Who is to determine which activities are more high-brow or low-brow, and what makes a competent judge? Mill states it should be person who has experience of the activities in question, but a key aspect of utilitarianism it the requirement of making these judgemen ts impartially and impersonally. With the diversity of this world it is highly unlikely that the tastes and preferences will all align in accord. Even if we attempt to make our decisions based on how others would be affected, it is impossible for us to know or measure theShow MoreRelatedJeremy Bentham And Utilitarianism1461 Words   |  6 PagesJeremy Bentham was an English philosophy (1748-1632) who challenged the idea of the Social Contract theory, which states that the people create a social contract to agree to form of government. Bentham opposed the idea of natural rights and followed the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the idea that political and moral decision should not be based on natural rights, but based on which choice produces the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest number†. For an example, this principle explains whetherRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Jefferson Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesaffect others (Costly 2016). Locke highlighted the government should exist exclusively for the protection of natural rights and enforcing its principles. It is assumed if these rights are protected, the people will trust the government and obey the law. Rebellion is justified by Locke if the government becomes corrupted and violates the rights of citizens. Locke accentuates the people have the rights to abolish and recommence their government if, it does not serve its purpose of protecting theirRead MoreCorporate Welfare And Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics914 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Welfare and Utilitarianism Case one proclaims that the American economy is failing millions of Americans. In today’s day in age, having a full time job does not guarantee an income above the poverty line. 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These are two philosophies that elaborates how the citizen pleases to live by. Utilitarianism and Libertarianism may have similar things in common but at the same time they are very distinguishable. The Utilitarianism theory tries to maximize the happiness of the community and minimize the pain over allRead MoreUtilitarianism : Theory And Contemporary Issues1 350 Words   |  6 Pagesof utilitarianism provides a solution to this but at what cost? What are the benefits and disadvantages of utilitarianism? Is utilitarianism an idea one should live by? What is utilitarianism? I plan on answering these questions within this paper and understand how they relate to everyday life. I will also look at arguments for and against utilitarianism. Then analyze the appealing and unappealing features to determine if utilitarianism should be followed as an absolute rule. 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Culture Through Generations Essay Example For Students

Culture Through Generations Essay Culture Through GenerationsThis essay will explain how I learned culture through generations of my family. The first thing I noticed when analyzing my chart is that there has been considerable migration through generations of my family. My family came from Europe to Central America , because they had made investments there which was their initial reason for leaving Spain. My parents generation left Central America for political reasons which lead them to financial disaster. Opportunity, can be said is the reason why generations of my families have lived in the Americas. Cultural values in my family are still rooted to those which exist in Spain. When they first came to the Americas , they moved to a very close nit European community. This is what set a precedent for cultural values and family through the passing down of European traditions from generation to generation. In the neighborhoods where my parents grew up it made a difference what your name was, so it was important to inter -marry between people of the same class and on the same cultural level. This also meant that your surnames created support networks which created a financial backbone for the family. This in turn is lead to not what Id call a pre- arranged marriage but a suggestive marriage. That means your parents would suggest to you that a certain person from a certain family would be a suitable mate because of their family and background. This was common practice in my parents community. These kinds of marriages were accepted by previous generations because of a respect of your parents opinions, and because of the tight nit family structure. These traditions have been passed down form generation to generation, with exception to the Caso, Federico Student # 570-91-4862 pg.2American generation of my family. This also meant my family had expectations of each succeeding generation. Every generation was insisted upon having a college degree, it was completely unacceptable to not have a college education in my family. This particular culture and society was lived by two generations of my family. When communism came to power my parents needed to leave the country because all of their possessions were seized by the poor rebellious communists. Communism was also not parents political affiliation so they chose to come to America for opportunity and freedom. My parents like my grandparents had to be acculturated in the American way when they came to this country. They also had to create new support networks and had to start all over again. The close nit family structure revived the support network because eventually the rest of my family came to the states. Even though my family came to a new country: the same social and cultural expectations were implemented in my contemporary generation. My generation and the previous generations have had the same root values, but t hey all very slightly from generation to generation. Having reflected upon this kinship assignment I have learned culture, values , and a central family have been passed down generation to generation to make the family succeed and be prosperous through a close nit support group. Anthropology